Maritime Search and Rescue Laws and Policies in Tanzania: Legal Alignment, Institutional Gaps and Enforcement Challenges

Abstract

Maritime search and rescue (SAR) is a critical component of maritime safety, as effective responses to persons in distress depend on timely coordination, clear institutional mandates, adequate capacity and enforceable legal obligations. This study examined the legal and policy framework governing maritime SAR in Tanzania, focusing on alignment with international standards, legal clarity, institutional coordination, updating of the legal framework and enforcement. A descriptive research design combined documentary review with questionnaire evidence from 67 stakeholders, including policymakers and regulators, SAR operational personnel, vessel operators, and legal and academic experts. Findings reveal a substantial gap between awareness of SAR laws and the capacity to operationalize them. Although 80.6% of respondents reported awareness of relevant SAR laws and policies, only 37.3% had received formal training. Only 56.7% considered the laws clear and easy to interpret, while 44.8% believed institutional responsibilities were clearly assigned. Furthermore, 59.7% viewed the legal framework as insufficiently updated, and only 38.9% considered SAR laws effectively enforced. Tanzania possesses an important legal foundation through national maritime legislation and operational instruments, yet implementation is constrained by institutional fragmentation, limited legal and operational training, inadequate coordination mechanisms, weak accountability and differences between mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar. The study recommends harmonisation of SAR legislation and operational plans, establishment or strengthening of an effective national Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre (MRCC), regular joint exercises, institutionalised legal training, clear inter-agency standard operating procedures, periodic legal review and stronger monitoring and accountability mechanisms. These measures would strengthen Tanzania’s capacity to deliver coordinated, timely SAR services and improve implementation of its international maritime safety obligations.